Court of Justice of the EU · 2023
OQ v Land Hessen (C-634/21)
Credit scoring and automated decisions under Article 22 GDPR.
Cited on 18 pages
Research · Authorities · Engagement
The argument, its authorities and its open questions.
Where the Book applies its doctrines, the cases and instruments it engages, the scholarship it argues with, and how to take part.
201
Works cited
22
Cases
8
Jurisdictions and forums
15
Foundational canons
Possibilities of application
Where the doctrines meet institutions.
The settings the chapters themselves work through. Each leads to the chapter that develops it.
- Chapter 20Taxation and benefitsTesting whether a computed liability or entitlement is the law's result.
- Chapter 20AdjudicationWarrant for computational evidence before a court.
- Chapter 20Registries and executable transactionsWhen a record or a transaction executes the law it represents.
- Chapter 5Benefits and access to exceptionA constructed benefits example on optimisation, error burdens and vulnerability.
- Chapter 18Procurement and shared platformsJurisdiction, conflicting commands and the capacity a state must keep.
- Chapter 25Human oversight in practiceComprehension, time, independence, intervention and evidence.
- Chapter 27Scheduling under different settlementsOne proposal, different legal force under each constitutional settlement.
- Chapter 23Computer evidence after HorizonCustody, disclosure and remedy, read through the record and the canons.
Case studies
The cases the Book returns to most.
From the Book's Table of Cases: twenty-two cases in eight jurisdictions and forums, with the number of pages on which each is cited.
- OQ v Land Hessen18
- Hamilton v Post Office16
- State v Loomis14
- CK v Magistrat der Stadt Wien12
- Mathews v Eldridge9
- NJCM cs v De Staat der Nederlanden (SyRI)8
- R (Bridges) v Chief Constable of South Wales Police7
- Goldberg v Kelly7
Court of Appeal, England and Wales · 2021
Hamilton v Post Office Ltd
Convictions resting on Horizon system data, and what computer evidence must show.
Cited on 16 pages
Supreme Court of Wisconsin · 2016
State v Loomis
A proprietary risk assessment used at sentencing.
Cited on 14 pages
District Court of The Hague · 2020
NJCM v The Netherlands (SyRI)
A welfare-fraud risk system tested against Article 8 ECHR.
Cited on 8 pages
| Case | Jurisdiction | Cited on |
|---|---|---|
| Bates v Post Office Ltd (No 6: Horizon Issues) [2019] EWHC 3408 (QB) | United Kingdom | 2 pages |
| Carltona Ltd v Commissioners of Works [1943] 2 All ER 560 | United Kingdom | 1 page |
| Hamilton v Post Office Ltd [2021] EWCA Crim 577 | United Kingdom | 16 pages |
| R (Bourgass) v Secretary of State for Justice [2015] UKSC 54, [2016] AC 384 | United Kingdom | 2 pages |
| R (Bridges) v Chief Constable of South Wales Police [2020] EWCA Civ 1058, [2020] 1 WLR 5037 | United Kingdom | 7 pages |
| R (Majera) v Secretary of State for the Home Department [2021] UKSC 46 | United Kingdom | 1 page |
| R (Osborn) v Parole Board [2013] UKSC 61, [2014] AC 1115 | United Kingdom | 4 pages |
| R v Secretary of State for the Home Department, ex p Doody [1994] 1 AC 531 | United Kingdom | 1 page |
| CK v Magistrat der Stadt Wien (Case C-203/22) EU:C:2025:117 | European Union | 12 pages |
| Data Protection Commissioner v Facebook Ireland Ltd and Schrems (Case C-311/18) EU:C:2020:559 | European Union | 3 pages |
| OQ v Land Hessen (Case C-634/21) EU:C:2023:957 | European Union | 18 pages |
| Baker v Canada (Minister of Citizenship and Immigration) [1999] 2 SCR 817 | Canada | 1 page |
| Canada (Minister of Citizenship and Immigration) v Vavilov 2019 SCC 65 | Canada | 1 page |
| Justice KS Puttaswamy (Retd) v Union of India (2017) 10 SCC 1 | India | 1 page |
| Justice KS Puttaswamy (Retd) v Union of India (2019) 1 SCC 1 | India | 1 page |
| Robinson v Attorney General of Jamaica [2019] JMFC Full 04 | Jamaica | 2 pages |
| NJCM cs v De Staat der Nederlanden (SyRI) ECLI:NL:RBDHA:2020:865 (Rb Den Haag, 5 February 2020) | Netherlands | 8 pages |
| Goldberg v Kelly 397 US 254 (1970) | United States | 7 pages |
| Manhattan Community Access Corp v Halleck 587 US 802 (2019) | United States | 1 page |
| Mathews v Eldridge 424 US 319 (1976) | United States | 9 pages |
| State v Loomis 881 NW 2d 749 (Wis 2016) | United States | 14 pages |
| Island of Palmas (Netherlands v United States of America) (1928) 2 RIAA 829 | International arbitration | 3 pages |
The Table of Legislation and Instruments runs from the General Data Protection Regulation and the Artificial Intelligence Act to the Council of Europe Framework Convention on Artificial Intelligence.
In conversation
Other books and work the Book argues with.
A selection from the Book's bibliography of 201 works, by field. Linked titles are sources the Book cites online.
Hart HLA
The Concept of Law
3rd edn, Oxford University Press 2012
Kelsen H
Pure Theory of Law
Max Knight tr, University of California Press 1967
Fuller LL
The Morality of Law
revised edn, Yale University Press 1969
Dworkin R
Law’s Empire
Harvard University Press 1986
Finnis J
Natural Law and Natural Rights
2nd edn, OUP 2011
Green L and Adams T
Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy
Lessig L
Code and Other Laws of Cyberspace
Basic Books 1999
Hildebrandt M
Smart Technologies and the End(s) of Law
Edward Elgar 2015
Diver LE
Digisprudence: Code as Law Rebooted
Edinburgh University Press 2022
Kroll JA and others
Accountable Algorithms
(2017) 165 U Pa L Rev 633
Ashley KD
Artificial Intelligence and Legal Analytics
Cambridge University Press 2017
Groth P and Moreau L (eds)
PROV-Overview: An Overview of the PROV Family of Documents
W3C Working Group Note, 30 April 2013
Citron DK
Technological Due Process
(2008) 85 Wash U L Rev 1249
Calo R and Citron DK
The Automated Administrative State: A Crisis of Legitimacy
(2021) 70 Emory Law Journal 797
Cobbe J
Administrative Law and the Machines of Government
(2019) 39 Legal Studies 636
Coglianese C and Lehr D
Regulating by Robot: Administrative Decision Making in the Machine-Learning Era
(2017) 105 Georgetown Law Journal 1147
Fink M and Morozova D (eds)
Humanity in the Automated State
DigiCon Digibook No 6, DigiCon 2026
Angwin J and others
ProPublica, 23 May 2016
Hallaq WB
A History of Islamic Legal Theories
CUP 1997
Kamali MH
Principles of Islamic Jurisprudence
3rd edn, Islamic Texts Society 2003
Auda J
Maqasid al-Shariah as Philosophy of Islamic Law: A Systems Approach
International Institute of Islamic Thought 2008
Jackson SA
Islamic Law and the State
Brill 1996
Abou El Fadl K
Speaking in God’s Name: Islamic Law, Authority and Women
Oneworld 2001
Discussion
Questions the Book leaves open to you.
Chapter 11
Could an intelligent participant possess a justified share in establishing the terms on which a constitutional order claims authority?
Chapter 26
Which limits on computational substitution should be categorical, which should depend on context, and what evidence could justify revising either kind?
Chapter 28
Do the canons clarify difficult cases more effectively than existing doctrines alone, and what counterexamples would require their revision?
Call for Interest
Read it, test it, add to it.
The Author invites readers, scholars and institutions to engage with the Book: to read and teach it, supply primary sources, institutional evidence and counterexamples, and contribute comparative and Islamic jurisprudential perspectives.
An expression of interest creates no obligation, fee, appointment, authorship entitlement or transfer of rights.
Academic partnerships
For faculties, libraries and research centres.
Teaching
Chapters as course reading in jurisprudence, public law and law and technology, with the practitioner audit questions and identity cards.
Libraries
Institutional seats for named readers under one licence.
Research collaboration
Joint research on the doctrines and canons, seminars and scholarly commentary.
Translation
Translation and accessibility work, and comparative contributions.